ABSTRACT. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the productive performance of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) in the production phase, fed with diets containing different levels of digestible lysine. A total of 175 female quails, aged 65 days, were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates per treatment. The animals were housed in 25 metal cages, and each cage represented an experimental parcel, with seven birds per parcel. The birds were fed the experimental rations containing 1.177, 1.217, 1.317, 1.417, and 1.517% digestible lysine. The parameters evaluated were: laying rate, mass of eggs produced, feed intake in the period, lysine intake, feed conversion per dozen and per mass. Significant differences were observed for posture rate with quadratic behavior, which indicated higher production for the level of 1.23% of digestible lysine. There was an increasing linear behavior for the feed and lysine intake, and for conversion feed per dozen and by mass, we observed quadratic behaviors. This indicates better feed conversion index when the optimal inclusion level was 1.33% and 1.404% of digestible lysine in the diet, respectively. The requirement of digestible lysine in diets for European quails is 1.404%, which corresponds to a daily intake of 421.20 milligrams of digestible lysine.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional and energy compositions of cottonseed meal (CM), with or without enzyme supplementation, for broilers at different ages. A total of 672 male Cobb 500 chickens were distributed into four metabolism and ileal-digestibility trials. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and six replicates. The following treatments were tested: a corn- and soybean meal-based control diet without enzymes; control diet with enzyme addition; control diet with 25% replaced by CM; and control diet with enzyme addition and 25% replaced by CM. The following variables were investigated: apparent metabolizable energy (AME); nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn); apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, gross energy, phosphorus, and calcium; apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus; and digestible protein of CM. Enzyme supplementation did not affect the energy values of CM. The average values obtained in the pre-starter, starter, grower, and finisher phases were 2,958; 2,554; 1,676, and 1,963 kcal kg-1 for AME and 2,519; 2,282; 1,423, and 1,680 kcal kg-1 for AMEn, respectively. Enzyme addition improves the apparent digestibility coefficients of phosphorus and calcium of cottonseed meal in the grower phase. However, enzyme supplementation does not affect the ileal digestibility coefficients of these ingredients in broilers.

ABSTRACT A total of 450 one-day-old male broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effect of the sugarcane yeast on performance, body composition, and development of the intestinal mucosa. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of 15 birds. Sugarcane yeast was included in the experimental diets at the levels of 0, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0 g kg−1. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion were determined. At the end of the experiment, four broiler chicks were slaughtered per experimental unit: two were used for evaluation of moisture content, crude protein, fat, and body ash and the other two were used in the collection of small-intestine segments for evaluation of villus height and crypt depth. The increasing yeast levels resulted in a linear increase in feed intake and feed conversion. Inclusion of more than 14.4 g kg−1 yeast resulted in a reduction of body ash content. Villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum showed maximum values at the sugarcane yeast levels of 20.9 and 20.6 g kg−1, respectively. In the ileum, the crypt depth reduction at the level of 25.6 g kg−1 also resulted in an increase in villus:crypt ratio. Yeast inclusion increases feed intake and feed conversion, improves body mineral absorption, and increases villus height in the jejunum and the villus:crypt ratio in the ileum of broiler chicks.

<p>Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça de frangos caipiras alimentados com dietas contendo farelo integral de mandioca em níveis crescentes de inclusão de 12, 24, 36 e 48%. Foram utilizados 360 pintos, machos da linhagem Label Rouge, com oito dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, contendo 12 aves por parcela. As aves foram alimentadas com dietas isoproteicas e isocalóricas dos oito aos 84 dias. Os parâmetros avaliados foram consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar. Foram abatidas duas aves por parcela com desvio padrão de ± 5% do peso médio da parcela para avaliação do rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais, asa, peito, coxa, sobrecoxa, dorso, gordura abdominal e vísceras comestíveis (fígado, coração e moela). Os dados foram submetidos a analises de variância e regressão ao nível de 5% de probabilidade com uso do programa computacional SAS (2001). Conclui-se que houve aumento linear no ganho de peso das aves e no consumo de ração com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão do farelo integral de mandioca, podendo ser utilizado em até 48% na ração sem prejuízo do desempenho zootécnico.</p>

<p>This study aimed to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics of rednecks chickens fed diets containing the cassava root meal in increasing levels of inclusion of 12, 24, 36 and 48%. 360 chicks male, lineage Label Rouge were used, with eight days old, in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replications of 12 birds each. The birds were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous from eight to 84 days. Was evaluated feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. Were killed two birds per cage with 5% ± standard deviation of the mean weight of the cage for evaluation of carcass yield and retail cuts, wings, breast, drumstick, thigh, back, abdominal fat and edible offal (liver, heart and gizzard). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5 % probability using the computer program SAS (2001). Concluded that there was a linear increase in weight gain of birds and feed intake with increasing levels of inclusion of the cassava root meal, can be used up to 48% in the diet without prejudice to animal performance.</p>

A casca da mamona, coproduto da extração do óleo da mamona, por apresentar em sua composição elevados teores de matéria seca e fibra, surge como fonte alternativa de volumoso na alimentação de ovinos, podendo diminuir os custos com alimentação, uma vez que outras fontes são comercializadas a preços superiores. Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do feno de capim Tifton 85 pela casca de mamona em 0, 33, 66 e 100% na dieta de ovinos sobre as características de carcaça, os pesos e rendimentos dos cortes comerciais e a morfometria da carcaça. Vinte e oito animais não castrados, com 7 ± 1,4 meses de idade e peso inicial médio de 19,5 ± 4,3 kg, foram abatidos após 70 dias de confinamento. Houve efeito linear decrescente (P≤0.05) para o peso corporal ao abate, peso de corpo vazio, peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria e área de olho-de-lombo, de acordo com os níveis crescentes de substituição. O decréscimo linear (P≤0,05) no peso de todos os cortes comerciais e o efeito quadrático do rendimento do pescoço (rendimento mínimo de 9,84% quando a substituição foi de 56,9%) também foram verificados com o aumento percentual da casca de mamona. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) sobre os rendimentos dos demais cortes, mas o perímetro do tórax, da perna e da garupa e o índice de compacidade da carcaça decresceram linearmente (P≤0,05) com a substituição. A substituição do feno de capim Tifton 85 pela casca de mamona para ovinos diminui o peso corporal ao abate, os pesos de carcaça quente e fria, os pesos dos cortes comerciais e as medidas morfométricas.

Castor bean hulls (CBH), co-products of castor oil extraction, are high in dry matter (DM) and fiber and are emerging as alternative roughage in sheep feed. This could reduce feed costs since other sources of roughage can be more expensive. The effects of replacing Tifton 85 hay with CBH at 0, 33, 66 and 100% in the diet of sheep on the carcass characteristics, weights and yields of retail cuts and carcass measurements were studied. Twenty-eight non-castrated sheep averaging 7 ± 1.4 months of age with an initial weight of 19.5 ± 4.3 kg were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. There was a linear decline (P ≤ 0.05) in slaughter body weight, empty body weight, hot and cold carcass weight and longissimus muscle area (LMA) as the percentage of dietary CBH increased. A linear decrease (P≤0.05) of the weights of all retail cuts and a quadratic effect (minimum yield of 9.84% with the replacement of 56.9%) of the neck yield were also detected as the percentage of CBH increased. No treatment effects (P > 0.05) on the yield of the other cuts were observed, but there was a linear decline (P ≤ 0.05) in the perimeters of the thorax, leg and rump and the carcass compactness index. Replacing Tifton 85 hay with CBH in sheep diets is not recommended because it decreases the slaughter body weight, cold and hot carcass weight, retail cut weights and morphometric measurements.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade do farelo de algodão com ou sem adição de enzimas (fitase e protease) para suínos em crescimento. Foram utilizados 18 leitões machos castrados, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com padronização do peso vivo (PV) com média de 25,8 ± 3,6 kg, com três tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta referência à base de milho e farelo de soja, o segundo tratamento com substituição de 30% da dieta referência por farelo de algodão sem enzimas, e o terceiro com substituição de 30% da dieta referência por farelo de algodão com adição de enzimas. Foi determinada a proteína digestível, energia digestível, coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca, da energia e da proteína. Também foi observado o balanço de nitrogênio e fósforo. O uso do farelo de algodão com adição de enzimas em dietas para suínos em crescimento, não afetou os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, energia bruta e proteína bruta; porém contribuíram com a redução do fósforo excretado nas fezes e melhorou sua absorção. Não foi observado melhora do balanço de nitrogênio nas dietas contendo farelo de algodão com enzimas.

This study evaluated the digestibility of cottonseed meal with or without addition of enzymes (phytase and protease) for growing pigs. It was used 18 barrows, housed in metabolism cages, distributed in a completely randomized design, standardizing body weight (bw) with average of 25.8 ± 3.6 kg, with three treatments and six repetitions. The treatments consisted of a reference diet based on corn and soybean meal, the second treatment with replacement of 30% of the reference diet by cottonseed meal without enzymes, and the third with 30% of the reference diet replaced by cottonseed meal with added enzymes. Was determined the digestible protein, digestible energy, digestibility of dry matter, energy and protein. It was also registered the balance of nitrogen and phosphorus. The use of cottonseed meal with the addition of enzymes in diets for growing pigs has no effect on the digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and crude protein, but improved the absorption of phosphorus, consequently reducing its excretion in the feces. There was no improvement in nitrogen balance in the diets containing cottonseed meal with enzymes.

This study estimated the genetic diversity and structure of 12 genetic groups (GG) of locally adapted and specialized pigs in the state of Pernambuco using 22 microsatellite markers. Nine locally adapted breeds (Baé, Caruncho, Canastra, Canastrão, Mamelado, Moura, Nilo, Piau and UDB (Undefined Breed)) and 3 specialized breeds (Duroc, Landrace and Large White), totaling 190 animals, were analyzed. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed that 3.2% of the total variation was due to differences between genetic groups, and 3.6% to differences between local and commercial pigs. One hundred and ninety eight alleles were identified and apart from the Large White breed, all GG presented Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium deviations for some loci. The total and effective allele means were lower for Duroc (3.65 and 3.01) and higher for UDB (8.89 and 4.53) and Canastra (8.61 and 4.58). Using Nei's standard genetic distance and the UPGMA method, it was possible to observe that the Landrace breed was grouped with the local genetic groups Canastra, Moura, Canastrão, Baé and Caruncho. Due to the complex admixture pattern, the genetic variability of the 12 genetic groups can be analyzed by distributing the individuals into two populations as demonstrated by a Bayesian analysis, corroborating the results from AMOVA, which revealed a low level of genetic differentiation between the inferred populations.

O trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a composição química e energética do farelo de algodão produzido pela BUNGE Alimentos S/A, marca registrada como Farelo de algodão de alta energia (FAAE®) e avaliar a inclusão deste no desempenho de frangos de corte. Determinou-se a composição química, aminoacídica e energética (utilizando-se o método de coleta total de excretas, com duas coletas ao dia). Foi utilizado óxido férrico para marcar o início e o final da coleta. O nível de inclusão do alimento de teste na ração referência foi de 20%. O desempenho foi avaliado com a inclusão do farelo de algodão no período de nove a 42 dias. Durante os primeiros nove dias, os pintinhos receberam ração pré-inicial comum a todas as aves. A partir do nono dia, as aves foram submetidas à dieta experimental com níveis de 3, 6, 9 e 12% de inclusão do farelo de algodão. O farelo de algodão apresentou 95,91% de matéria seca, 9,8% de gordura, 27% de proteína bruta, 4,6% de cinza, 4.867kcal kg-1 de energia bruta, 1,32% de lisina e 0,35% de metionina. O valor de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para nitrogênio determinado foi 1.188 kcal kg-1. Não se observou efeito no desempenho e no rendimento de carcaça dos frangos aos 42 dias de idade.

The objective of the research was to determine the chemical and energetic composition of cottonseed meal produced by BUNGE Foods Company, trademark as high energy cottonseed meal (FAAE ®) and to evaluate its inclusion in the performance of broilers. The chemical, energetic and aminoacidic composition was determined using the total excretion gathering method, with two gathers a day. It was used ferric oxide to mark the beginning and the end of the gathering. The level of inclusion of the food testing in the reference diet was 20%. The performance was evaluated with the inclusion of cottonseed meal in a period of 9 to 42 days. During the first nine days the poultries received pre-initial feed that were common to all birds. From the ninth day, the birds received an experimental diet with substitution levels of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% inclusion of cottonseed meal . The cottonseed meal presented 95.91% of dry matter, 9.8% of fat, 27% of crude protein, 4.6% of ash, 4.867 kcal kg-1 of crude energy, 1.32% of lysine and 0.35% of metionine. The determined value of apparent metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen was 1.188 kcal kg-1. It was not observed effect in the performance and carcass return of the poultry at 42 days of age.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de resíduo de goiaba na ração sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaças de frangos de corte foi realizado um experimento com 300 pintos machos Cobb, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco níveis de resíduo e cinco repetições. Avaliaram-se uma ração-referência à base de milho e farelo de soja e quatro rações com 3, 6, 9 ou 12% de resíduo de goiaba. Semanalmente, avaliaram-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar; o peso ao abate e o peso e rendimento de carcaça eviscerada, carcaça sem pés e cabeça, peito, coxa, sobrecoxa, asa, dorso, vísceras comestíveis e gordura abdominal. A inclusão de resíduo de goiaba na ração promove desempenho e rendimento de carcaça semelhante ao obtido com ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, portanto esse subproduto agroindustrial pode ser utilizado em níveis de até 12% em rações para frangos de corte.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including guava wastes in the feed on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. An experiment was carried out with 300 male Cobb strain chicks, in a randomized complete design with five levels of waste and five replications. A reference diet based on corn and soybean meal and four feeds with 3, 6, 9 or 12% guava waste were evaluated. The feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were assessed weekly; the weight at slaughter and the weight and yield of eviscerated carcass, carcass without feet and head, breast, drumstick, thigh, wing, back, edible viscera and abdominal fat were assessed. The inclusion of guava waste in the feed promotes performance and carcass yield similar to that obtained with the feed based on corn and soybean meal, therefore this agro-industrial by-product can be used at levels of up to 12% in feeds for broiler chickens.

Foi realizado um experimento para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de farelo de girassol em rações para frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e dos cortes e a viabilidade econômica. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com cinco níveis de farelo de girassol (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% da dieta basal), oito repetições e 20 aves por unidade experimental. As aves e as rações foram pesadas no início e ao final de cada fase do período experimental (1 a 21 dias e 22 a 42 dias) para obtenção do consumo de ração, do ganho de peso e da conversão alimentar. Duas aves de cada repetição foram abatidas aos 42 dias de idade para avaliação da carcaça. Com a inclusão do farelo de girassol, o consumo diminuiu linearmente na fase inicial (y = 1185,1 - 2,1x; R² = 0,97), enquanto a conversão alimentar melhorou de forma linear no período total (y = 1,6404 - 0,0018x; R² = 0,62) e de forma quadrática na fase inicial (y = 1,3943 - 0,0069x + 0,0002x²; R² = 0,96). Não foi encontrada diferença significativa no rendimento de carcaça e dos cortes. Os melhores desempenhos econômicos foram obtidos quando as aves foram alimentadas com rações contendo 5% de farelo de girassol na fase inicial e 0% na fase de crescimento e no período total. A adição de 20% de farelo de girassol em rações para frangos de corte até os 42 dias de idade não prejudica o desempenho produtivo das aves.

A trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of sunflower meal inclusion in the broiler diets on the performance, carcass yield and cuts and the economics viability. A randomized block experimental design was used, with five treatments and eight replications of 20 birds per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of including 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% sunflower meal in a basal diet. Birds and diets were weighed at the beginning and at the end of each experimental phase (1 to 21 days and 22 to 42 days) to determine feed intake, weight gain, and the feed:gain ratio. Two birds per replication were slaughtered at 42 days of age for carcass evaluation. Feed intake was linearly reduced in the starter phase (y = 1185.1 - 2.1x; R² = 0.97), with sunflower meal inclusion in the basal diet, and the feed:gain ratio linearly improved in the total period (y = 1.6404 - 0.0018x; R² = 0.62), whereas a quadratic effect on the feed:gain ratio was observed in the starter phase (y = 1.3943 - 0.0069x + 0.0002x²; R² = 0.96). No significant differences were observed for carcass yield and cuts. The best economic performances were achieved when the birds were fed diets containing 5% sunflower meal in the starter phase, and 0% in the grower phase and total period. The inclusion of 20% sunflower meal in the diet of broilers up to 42 days of age did not show harmful effects on performance.